Table of Contents
Overview
Definition and Scope
Surface science is defined as the study of the physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, which can include solid–liquid, solid–gas, solid–vacuum, and liquid–gas interfaces.[4.1] This multidisciplinary field intersects various domains such as physics, chemistry, materials science, and engineering, focusing on the properties, behaviors, and interactions that take place at these interfaces.[3.1] The scope of surface science is extensive, encompassing a wide range of phenomena that occur at the boundaries between different states of matter. It includes the study of surface chemistry, which specifically examines chemical reactions at interfaces, as well as adsorption and desorption processes that can be analyzed using advanced techniques such as spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy.[4.1] Modern surface science has its roots in the advancements made over the past 75 years, particularly with the development of ultra-high vacuum (UHV) technology. This technology allows for the maintenance of clean surfaces for extended periods, facilitating experiments that are free from contamination by gas phase species.[5.1] The applications of surface science are broad, contributing to the development of novel materials, catalysts, electronic devices, and biomedical applications.[3.1]Importance in Various Fields
Surface science plays a crucial role in various fields, particularly in materials science, catalysis, and biomedical applications. The properties of surfaces and interfaces significantly influence the opto-electronic, chemical, and mechanical characteristics of materials used in energy-harvesting and storage technologies, such as photovoltaics, fuel cells, and batteries.[6.1] In the field of catalysis, surface chemistry plays a pivotal role, focusing on the principles of adsorption and desorption on catalytic surfaces, which are influenced by forces such as van der Waals and electrostatic interactions.[7.1] The adsorption and subsequent reaction of molecules from gas or liquid phases on solid surfaces is a prevalent phenomenon, forming the foundation for numerous technically significant processes, including heterogeneous catalysis.[8.1] Understanding these surface reaction mechanisms is essential, as they reveal how surface arrangements can drive reaction pathways and enhance selectivity.[7.1] Furthermore, the design of catalysts often involves the deposition of small particles of active catalyst materials onto high surface area supports, such as Ru on MgO, which exemplifies how surface organization can significantly improve catalytic performance.[9.1] Surface texture also plays a significant role in material design, as demonstrated by the creation of air-infused liquid-repellent surfaces. These surfaces utilize materials with varying surface energies to achieve desired properties, showcasing the influence of surface chemistry on practical applications.[10.1] In biomedical contexts, the surface properties of materials are vital for their interactions with biological systems. For example, hydroxyapatite surfaces affect protein adsorption and cell adhesion, which are critical for the development of biomaterials and drug delivery systems.[11.1] The surface functionality of drug delivery vehicles can influence both the rate and mechanism of cellular uptake, highlighting the importance of surface chemistry in therapeutic applications.[13.1] Additionally, the morphology and surface chemistry of nanoparticles significantly affect their behavior in biological environments, making them promising candidates for drug delivery and imaging.[14.1] Nanomaterials, characterized by their unique surface properties, have found applications across various fields, including medicine and electronics. Metal oxides such as Al2O3, Fe2O3, ZnO, and TiO2 exhibit changes in surface properties that enhance their performance in applications like chemical sensors and catalysis.[16.1] Furthermore, the specific properties of nanoparticles, such as gold and silver nanoparticles, enable their use in bio-applications like imaging, gene delivery, and drug loading.[18.1] The design of nanozymes, which mimic natural enzymes, also illustrates how tailored surface properties can optimize their efficacy in cancer treatments.[19.1]History
Early Developments
Surface science began to take shape as a distinct field in the early 1970s, primarily due to significant advancements in the deposition of gaseous species onto metallic substrates. A pivotal moment in this development was marked by Nobel Prize-winning chemist Gerhard Ertl's 1974 work on the adsorption of hydrogen on palladium, which laid foundational concepts for the discipline.[48.1] The roots of modern surface science can be traced back over 75 years, coinciding with the advent of ultra-high vacuum (UHV) technology. This technology enabled researchers to maintain exceptionally low pressures, allowing surfaces to remain uncontaminated for extended periods, which was crucial for conducting reliable experiments.[49.1] The ability to study surfaces in such pristine conditions facilitated a deeper understanding of surface reactions, particularly in the context of heterogeneous catalysis, which has become a vital industrial process for chemical fabrication.[50.1] The establishment of dedicated journals, such as Surface Science and the Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology in 1964, further solidified the field's academic foundation. These publications provided a platform for disseminating research and fostering collaboration among scientists interested in surface phenomena.[51.1] Additionally, educational initiatives have aimed to chronicle the evolution of surface science, highlighting key events and the transition from static to dynamic surface studies, thereby illustrating the discipline's maturation over the decades.[52.1]Key Contributors and Milestones
The development of surface science has been significantly influenced by key contributors and milestones that have shaped the field over the years. One of the pivotal advancements was the establishment of ultra-high vacuum (UHV) technology, which emerged more than 75 years ago. This technology allowed for the study of clean surfaces by creating environments with pressures lower than a billionth of one atmosphere, facilitating the analysis of materials without contamination.[56.1] The importance of UHV technology is underscored by its application in various surface characterization techniques, which aim to minimize exposure to airborne contaminants.[60.1] In 1964, the founding of the journals Surface Science and the Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology marked a significant milestone in the dissemination of research within the field. These publications provided a platform for researchers to share their findings and foster collaboration among scientists, thereby enhancing the collective understanding of surface phenomena.[55.1] The role of these journals in maintaining quality control through peer review processes further ensured that the research published met rigorous standards, preventing the spread of flawed information.[58.1] Gerhard Ertl, a notable figure in surface science, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2007 for his groundbreaking work in heterogeneous catalysis. His research elucidated the molecular mechanisms involved in critical industrial processes, such as the Haber-Bosch process for ammonia synthesis and the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide.[64.1] Ertl's contributions exemplify the intersection of surface science with practical applications, highlighting the significance of adsorption and surface interactions in catalysis.[66.1]Recent Advancements
Molecular-Level Techniques
Recent advancements in surface science have significantly enhanced our understanding of molecular-level interactions and reactions. The development of ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) techniques has been pivotal in this regard, allowing researchers to create and manipulate materials at atomic or molecular levels. UHV environments, characterized by pressures below 10^-9 torr, are essential for studying surface reactions without contamination, thereby providing a pristine setting for experiments that reveal the behavior of materials at the atomic scale.[100.1] This capability has led to a deeper understanding of surface adsorption and reaction dynamics, which are crucial for fields such as electrocatalysis.[102.1] Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has gained significant traction in biomedical research, particularly in the realm of optical biosensing, due to its ability to combine high sensitivity with molecular specificity.[94.1] This technique has been increasingly utilized in clinical diagnostics, where it facilitates the detection of trace amounts of biomarkers and pathogens, thereby addressing urgent needs for rapid and reliable identification methods.[106.1] Recent advancements in SERS have enabled multiplexed detection, allowing for the simultaneous identification of multiple targets, such as pathogenic microorganisms and associated biomarkers, which is crucial in clinical settings for diagnosing infectious diseases and cancer.[107.1] The integration of SERS into various biomedical applications has not only transformed diagnostic approaches but has also highlighted its versatility across fields, including forensic science.[106.1] Overall, SERS represents a powerful tool that enhances the capabilities of traditional diagnostic methods, paving the way for more effective and efficient healthcare solutions.[94.1] In addition to these techniques, advancements in the functionalization of magnetic nanomaterials have opened new avenues for surface modification, enhancing their applicability in diverse fields such as adsorption and catalysis.[93.1] The ongoing exploration of surface chemistry not only contributes to academic research but also drives industrial applications, fostering innovation and sustainability in technology.[97.1] Overall, these molecular-level techniques represent a significant leap forward in surface science, providing critical insights and tools for future research and application.Applications in Industry
Recent advancements in surface science have catalyzed transformative innovations across various industries by enabling the development of cutting-edge materials and coatings. In particular, the evolution of polymer coatings has been pivotal, driven by breakthroughs in materials science and technology. These advancements have resulted in specialized coatings tailored to meet the specific demands of sectors such as automotive, aerospace, medical devices, and electronics.[113.1] High-performance coatings have benefited from sophisticated processes like plasma-based depositions and spraying techniques. These methods are instrumental in manipulating chemical composition and microstructure, which are crucial for enhancing coating properties. Techniques such as modulated pulsed power magnetron sputtering and High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS) play a significant role in this context, allowing for the fine-tuning of coatings to achieve superior durability and performance.[114.1] The interplay between composition, structure, and properties is essential for optimizing coatings for diverse industrial applications.[114.1] The integration of nanotechnology into functional coatings has opened new possibilities for enhancing the built environment. By engineering materials at the nanoscale, coatings can acquire unique chemical, mechanical, thermal, and photophysical properties, thereby improving their functionality in urban settings.[115.1] This trend aligns with the industry's shift towards sustainability and health-conscious innovations, such as green and self-cleaning coatings, which are redefining manufacturing practices.[116.1] Beyond coatings, advancements in surface engineering techniques have revolutionized manufacturing processes. Additive manufacturing, for instance, facilitates the precise construction of complex geometries, promoting sustainability by minimizing material waste while enabling the creation of lightweight yet robust structures.[127.1] Plasma-assisted physical vapor deposition (PVD) is increasingly employed to enhance energy efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions, addressing global sustainability challenges.[128.1] Surface engineering techniques also aim to improve material properties such as durability, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance. Methods like physical and chemical vapor deposition, plasma treatments, and laser surface modifications are employed to optimize materials for specific applications.[129.1] These techniques are crucial across multiple industries, including aerospace, automotive, electronics, and healthcare, underscoring their vital role in enhancing component performance and protection.[130.1]In this section:
Surface Chemistry
Chemical Reactions at Interfaces
Chemical reactions at interfaces are a fundamental aspect of surface chemistry, influencing various industrial and environmental processes. The significance of surface chemistry lies in its ability to elucidate the behavior of matter at the interface, which is crucial for understanding and optimizing chemical reactions in numerous applications, including catalysis and pollutant remediation.[136.1] The development of surface chemistry into a molecular-level science has enabled in situ characterization of surface properties, which is essential for the design and engineering of large-scale chemical processes.[137.1] This evolution began in the 1960s with the advent of advanced techniques such as low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which allowed researchers to analyze surface structures and compositions in ultrahigh vacuum conditions.[137.1] Modern surface chemistry focuses on a molecular-level understanding and control of surface chemical reactions, which has laid the groundwork for advancements in various industrial technologies.[138.1] As materials transition from bulk to nanoscale dimensions, size and quantum confinement effects become predominant, significantly altering their properties.[141.1] This shift has led to groundbreaking discoveries in material science, highlighting that the behavior of materials at the nanoscale is distinctly different from that of their macroscopic counterparts.[143.1] Research has shown that the novel properties of nanoscale semiconductors, influenced by surface and quantum effects, are fundamental to their unique characteristics and potential applications.[145.1] Nanostructured materials, particularly nanoporous gold (np-Au), exemplify the critical role of surface chemistry in determining both stability and catalytic behavior, making them suitable for various applications, including actuation and catalysis.[144.1] The stability of np-Au is significantly influenced by its surface chemistry, which is essential for its function as a tunable catalyst in oxidation reactions.[144.1] Characteristic properties of nanostructured materials, such as their large surface area and variable surface features, enhance their effectiveness in the catalytic degradation of organic pollutants.[147.1] In environmental contexts, these materials interact with co-occurring organic pollutants through processes like sorption and desorption, which can alter the pollutants' environmental behavior and toxicity.[150.1] This interaction is particularly relevant for microplastics, which possess large specific surface areas and hydrophobicity, further influencing the toxicity of associated pollutants.[150.1] Understanding the relationship between surface chemistry and nanoscale surface morphology is crucial for elucidating the catalytic behavior and stability of these materials.[144.1]Role in Heterogeneous Catalysis
Surface chemistry is fundamental to heterogeneous catalysis, significantly influencing the efficiency and sustainability of industrial chemical processes. At its core, surface chemistry examines how materials absorb, react, or transform at their surfaces, which is essential for catalysis in various industrial applications.[156.1] These interactions are vital as they enable reactions to occur with greater selectivity and speed, thereby promoting more efficient production methods in the chemical industry.[157.1] Recent advancements in surface chemistry continue to transform industrial catalysis, leading to more sustainable and efficient processes in global chemical production.[157.1] Advancements in surface chemistry have significantly influenced the development of more efficient catalysts. By providing a diverse array of active sites with varying chemical environments, modern catalysts can exhibit remarkable selectivity, enabling the synthesis of desired products while minimizing unwanted by-products. This dynamic nature of surface reconstructions highlights the complexity of catalytic processes and underscores the importance of understanding the interplay between surface structure, reaction kinetics, and selectivity.[158.1] Moreover, innovations in characterization techniques have enhanced the study of catalytic processes. Advanced methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and various spectroscopic techniques (e.g., UV-Vis, FTIR, RAMAN) have been integrated to provide unprecedented detail on catalyst properties and mechanisms. These techniques allow researchers to gain deeper insights into the molecular intricacies of catalytic processes, driving innovation and future directions in catalysis research.[159.1] Additionally, non-thermal plasma (NTP) catalysis has emerged as a transformative technology within energy-intensive industries, offering advantages such as rapid response times and low thermal input. This approach is particularly well-suited for integration with renewable energy sources, further promoting sustainable chemical production.[160.1] Overall, the advancements in surface chemistry are crucial for the ongoing evolution of heterogeneous catalysis, facilitating the development of more efficient and sustainable industrial processes.In this section:
Surface Physics
Physical Interactions at Interfaces
The study of physical interactions at interfaces is crucial for understanding the properties and behaviors of materials, particularly at the atomic and molecular levels. Surface physics encompasses various techniques that allow researchers to analyze the chemical composition, crystallography, and properties of the top few atomic layers of solids, which are essential for determining how materials interact at their surfaces.[184.1] The atomic arrangements on surfaces can vary significantly across different materials, which has important implications for their physical and chemical properties. These surfaces are characterized by features such as terraces, ledges, kinks, adsorbed atoms, impurity atoms, and terrace vacancies.[189.1] Understanding these atomic and molecular interactions, including adatom-adatom interactions, vacancy-vacancy interactions, and step-step interactions, is crucial for optimizing various methods in material science.[187.1] Additionally, the atomic arrangements of real materials often deviate from ideal structures, leading to the development of theories regarding crystal defects and disorder.[188.1] These variations in atomic-scale structures are essential for comprehending how materials behave under different conditions. Moreover, the interactions at surfaces are not limited to atomic arrangements; they also encompass molecular interactions, such as adatom-adatom interactions and defect interactions, which can affect the overall stability and reactivity of materials.[187.1] The physical chemistry of surfaces is particularly important in nanostructured materials, where a significant fraction of atoms are located at the surface, thereby enhancing their reactivity and altering their properties compared to bulk materials.[196.1] In engineering applications, the influence of surface treatments and coatings on materials is paramount, especially concerning corrosion resistance and catalytic efficiency. For example, the development of self-healing coatings has emerged as a promising solution to enhance the longevity and performance of materials exposed to corrosive environments.[195.1] These coatings can significantly improve the mechanical and tribological properties of industrial materials, thereby addressing challenges related to corrosion and wear.[193.1]Techniques for Surface Analysis
Surface analysis techniques are essential for investigating the properties of materials at the nanoscale, particularly those with a depth sensitivity of less than 10 nm. One of the most widely used methods in this field is X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which is recognized for its ability to provide valuable insights into surface composition and chemical state information of the elements present in a sample. XPS operates by bombarding a material's surface with X-rays and measuring the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons, making it a powerful analytical tool across various scientific disciplines.[213.1] Operando X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has significantly advanced the field of surface catalysis over the past three decades, with the emergence of a range of techniques that provide detailed structural and chemical insights into complex heterogeneous, electro-, and photo-catalytic processes.[214.1] This technique is part of a broader category of operando probing methods that enhance our understanding of surface interactions by allowing for real-time observation of chemical and structural changes during catalytic reactions.[214.1] These advancements have contributed to notable progress in material science, particularly in the analysis of chemical composition and crystallography at surfaces.[214.1] Advancements in surface characterization techniques have significantly enhanced our understanding of surface phenomena, which is crucial for improving engineering designs and material performance in practical applications. Key areas of development include advanced microscopy methods such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), as well as various spectroscopic techniques like X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS).[219.1] These techniques contribute to the assessment of surface defects, which can impact charge carrier mobility and overall device efficiency.[223.1] The knowledge gained from surface analysis not only informs advancements in device fabrication but also leads to the development of more efficient materials and technologies.[223.1] Moreover, multi-scale characterization techniques have been developed to evaluate surface changes at the nanoscale, facilitating the electrochemical determination of dissolution rates and enhancing our understanding of surface phenomena.[221.1] The evolution of these techniques underscores the intrinsic link between innovation in surface analysis and the advancement of material science, allowing for tailored engineering designs that optimize material performance for specific applications.[222.1]In this section:
Technological Applications
Semiconductor Device Fabrication
Semiconductor device fabrication heavily relies on the principles of surface science, particularly in the context of low-dimensional physics at interfaces and in thin films and nanostructures. The understanding of these phenomena is crucial for the development of advanced electronic devices, as surface science provides both experimental methods and theoretical models necessary for a fundamental comprehension of the effects observed at the nanoscale.[225.1] The evolution of surface chemistry into a molecular-level science has significantly impacted semiconductor technology. This transformation, which began in the 1960s, introduced techniques such as low energy electron diffraction (LEED), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These methods enable the preparation of clean single crystal surfaces and the characterization of surface structures and chemical compositions in ultrahigh vacuum conditions, which are essential for the precise engineering of semiconductor materials.[226.1] Surface science plays a crucial role in various industrial technologies, particularly in chemical and energy conversion, information processing, healthcare, and material and environmental protection. The development of surface chemistry into a molecular-level science has taken nearly 50 years, enabling in situ characterization of diverse surface properties and providing fundamental insights that aid in the design and engineering of large-scale chemical processes in technological applications.[226.1] The inter-relationships between surface science and technology are complex, with surface analytical instrumentation being utilized across multiple fields, including metallurgy, heterogeneous catalysis, and polymer technology.[227.1] This intricate relationship underscores the significance of surface science in enhancing the performance and reliability of semiconductor devices, as it informs the design and optimization of semiconductor fabrication processes.Biomedical Devices and Drug Delivery
Nanomaterials have emerged as pivotal components in the development of biomedical devices and drug delivery systems due to their unique properties, which are significantly influenced by surface science. Defined as materials with at least one dimension on the nanometer scale (1-100 nm), nanomaterials exhibit enhanced reactivity, strength, and conductivity compared to their bulk counterparts, making them suitable for various applications in medicine and electronics.[231.1] The mechanical properties of these materials are attributed to their increased surface area and the density of defects such as grain boundaries and dislocations, which contribute to their performance in biomedical applications.[232.1] Iron oxide, gold, platinum, silver, and silica-coated nanoparticles are notable examples of nanomaterials that have been investigated for their potential in bio-applications, including nano-based imaging, gene delivery, drug loading, and immunoassays.[233.1] The unique properties of these nanoparticles, particularly after fabrication, allow for their effective use in targeted drug delivery systems, enhancing therapeutic outcomes. Surface effects play a crucial role in the performance of nanomaterials, as they are believed to be a primary source of the novel properties observed at the nanoscale. These effects influence thermodynamic behaviors, electrical properties, and kinetic phase segregations, which are essential for optimizing the functionality of nanomaterials in biomedical applications.[234.1] In the context of medical devices, biocompatibility is a critical consideration, as it determines the material's integration with biological tissues and its potential to cause adverse reactions. Recent advancements in surface modifications have focused on enhancing biocompatibility through techniques such as biomolecule coatings, which improve hemocompatibility and reduce thrombosis.[242.1] For instance, heparin coatings have been widely applied in clinical practice to prevent thrombus formation on medical devices.[242.1] Additionally, promoting endothelial cell growth on device surfaces has been recognized as an effective strategy to create a barrier that minimizes interactions with surrounding tissues, particularly for long-term indwelling devices.[243.1] The integration of advanced surface science techniques, particularly additive manufacturing and 3D printing, is transforming the design and functionality of personalized medical devices. These technologies enable precise control over the physical and chemical features of surfaces, facilitating the creation of highly customizable products that can lead to improved patient outcomes and greater efficiency in healthcare.[256.1] Personalized bioengineered implant scaffolds exemplify this innovation, offering customizable medical solutions for tissue and organ regeneration.[255.1] The ability to modify surfaces through these advanced techniques not only enhances the manufacturing process but also supports the development of patient-specific devices, which are crucial for effective healthcare delivery.[256.1] As the field continues to evolve, the application of these surface engineering techniques in biomedical devices and drug delivery systems is expected to yield significant advancements in healthcare practices.In this section:
Semiconductor Device FabricationThin FilmsSemiconductor TechnologyElectron SpectroscopyChemical Compositions
Challenges And Future Directions
Limitations of Current Techniques
Current techniques in surface science face several limitations that hinder their effectiveness in providing comprehensive insights into surface phenomena. One significant challenge is the complexity involved in peak fitting during surface analysis. Researchers have identified a high rate of problems associated with photoelectron peak fitting, which necessitates the development of guides and social networks aimed at improving peak identification and fitting for specific elements.[288.1] The Doniach-Sunjic peak shape, while theoretically grounded, presents practical difficulties due to its infinite integral, complicating quantitative analyses.[289.1] Moreover, despite the advancements in surface characterization techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning tunneling microscopy, there remain persistent issues with data acquisition, analysis, and reporting. Common errors in XPS data collection and the handling of backgrounds continue to pose challenges, even with numerous tutorials and standards available to the technical community.[291.1] Additionally, the surface science community has recognized the need for better explanations of the parameters chosen in peak fitting, which are crucial for the reliability of surface analysis results.[262.1] This highlights a broader issue within the field: the necessity for open access to research papers and resources that address these challenges, as exemplified by initiatives like the RCS collection of papers that focus on specific application areas and provide guides related to surface spectroscopy.[290.1]Emerging Research Areas
Emerging research areas in surface science are increasingly focused on the development of novel materials and technologies that address contemporary challenges. One significant trend is the exploration of two-dimensional (2D) materials and biomaterials, particularly for applications such as wastewater desalination. This research aims to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of these materials in addressing environmental issues, thereby promoting sustainable practices in material science.[265.1] As surface chemistry evolves, it presents both challenges and opportunities that will shape future research trajectories. The complexity of these challenges necessitates interdisciplinary collaboration, drawing on insights from various fields to fully leverage the potential of surface chemistry in technological advancements.[266.1] This interdisciplinary approach is crucial, especially as the scientific community confronts multifaceted issues such as climate change and public health crises, which require integrated solutions.[269.1] The evolution of physical science research has shifted from a focus on traditional solid bulk materials to an emphasis on surface and interfacial sciences, leading to significant advancements in the field.[271.1] This transition highlights the critical role of understanding surface phenomena, which are essential for the development of future technologies. Recent studies have demonstrated the integration of cavitation and nanotechnology, showcasing their impact on various industrial processes. For instance, ultrasound-assisted dispersion of boron particles in hydrocarbon fuels has been shown to improve fuel performance, while advancements in lubrication have also been noted.[277.1] Additionally, a key strategy for enhancing sustainability in the chemical sector is the application of green chemistry, which focuses on environmentally friendly synthesis and processes.[279.1] These developments underscore the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in advancing surface chemistry and its applications in sustainable industrial practices. The role of open access in surface science is crucial, particularly in addressing the economic challenges associated with publishing. Open access resources are available free of cost to readers, which facilitates wider dissemination of knowledge and enhances collaboration among researchers.[276.1] However, this system is balanced by the requirement for authors to cover Article Processing Charges (APC), which can pose economic challenges that must be navigated to ensure the sustainability of open access initiatives.[276.1] Awareness of open science must begin with institutions and universities, as they mark the starting point of a researcher's career.[276.1] By fostering an environment that supports open access, the scientific community can work towards greater transparency and collaboration in surface analysis, ultimately benefiting the field as a whole.[276.1]In this section:
References
[3] An Overview on the Surface Science - SpringerLink — The fundamentals of surface science are applied in various technological advancements, from developing novel materials and catalysts to designing cutting-edge electronic devices and biomedical applications. The scope of surface science is broad since it deals with phenomena occurring in the interfaces between different states of matter.
[4] Surface science - Wikipedia — Surface science is the study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including solid–liquid interfaces, solid–gas interfaces, solid–vacuum interfaces, and liquid–gas interfaces. Surface science is closely related to interface and colloid science. Interfacial chemistry and physics are common subjects for both. Chemistry Surface chemistry can be roughly defined as the study of chemical reactions at interfaces. Adsorption and desorption events can be studied at atomically flat single-crystal surfaces as a function of applied potential, time and solution conditions using spectroscopy, scanning probe microscopy and surface X-ray scattering. These studies link traditional electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry to direct observations of interfacial processes.
[5] One century of evolution of surface science, a personal perspective — Modern surface science started more than 75 years ago, following the development of ultra-high vacuum (UHV) technology, with chambers housing the material under study connected to pumps that can lower the pressure to less than a billionth of one atmosphere .Under UHV the surfaces can stay clean for periods of time long enough to perform experiments without contamination from gas phase species.
[6] Interfacial and Surface Science | Materials Science | NREL — Surface and interface phenomena often control the opto-electronic, chemical, or mechanical properties of materials and device structures used in energy-harvesting and storage applications such as photovoltaics, fuel cells, and batteries.
[7] PDF — Surface chemistry takes center stage, delving into the principles of adsorption and desorption on catalytic surfaces, guided by forces like van der Waals and electrostatic interactions. Surface reaction mechanisms unveil how surface arrangements drive reaction pathways and selectivity. Catalyst-substrate interactions underscore the synergy
[8] Theory of Adsorption and Surface Reactions | SpringerLink — The adsorption and further reaction of molecules from the gas or liquid phase on a solid surface is a very common phenomenon. All solid surfaces have varying amounts of adsorbed gases in air, and adsorption and chemical reactions at surfaces form the basis of a large number of technically important processes ranging from corrosion to heterogeneous catalysis.
[9] PDF — "internal" surface areas (e.g., zeolites), this is mostly achieved by depositing small particles of the active catalyst material onto (more or less) inert high surface area supports. Figure 1.1 shows a high-resolution electron micrograph of a Ru catalyst on a MgO support together with a cartoon illustrating the different crystal
[10] Design and applications of surfaces that control the ... - Science — Figure 2A showcases how surface texture can be used to create air-infused liquid-repellent surfaces using materials with widely differing surface energies, and thereby surface chemistries. The design of air-infused omniphobic or superomniphobic surfaces based on the micro-hoodoo (ψ min ≈ 0°) (23, 27) and the doubly reentrant (ψ min ≈ −
[11] Surface Properties and Surface Characterization of Biomaterials — Ultimately, the hydroxyapatite surface properties govern the material reaction at the interaction with biological environment through processes related to the adsorption of proteins, cell adhesion
[13] Surface Chemistry Influence Implant Biocompatibility - Pmc — A recent study has also suggested that surface functionality of drug delivery vehicles affects both the rate and mechanism of cell uptake. Using dendrimers with ... Padukudru C, Timmons RB, Tang L. Surface chemistry influence implant mediated host tissue responses. J Biomed Mater Res. 2007 doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.31649. (in press) [PMC free
[14] Influence of surface chemistry and morphology of nanoparticles on ... — The surface chemistry and morphology of nanoparticles influence their interfacial behavior, in particular with biological entities like proteins and lipids. ... Abstract Nanomaterials offer promising solutions as drug delivery systems and imaging agents in response to the demand for better therapeutics and diagnostics. However, the limited
[16] Nanomaterial properties and applications - ScienceDirect — Metal oxides such as Al 2 O 3, Fe 2 O 3, ZnO, and TiO 2 show advantages in different applications like chemical sensors, catalysis, and semiconductors because of the surface property changes, which influence the materials' bandgap energy . Metal oxides provide a large surface area with high activity and biocompatibility.
[18] Unique Properties of Surface-Functionalized Nanoparticles for Bio ... — This review investigates and discusses the iron oxide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, platinum nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, and silica-coated nanoparticles and how their unique properties after fabrication allow for their potential use in a wide range of bio-applications such as nano-based imaging, gene delivery, drug loading, and immunoassays. 53.Cheng S.H., Lee C.H., Chen M.C., Souris J.S., Tseng F.G., Yang C.S., Mou C.Y., Chen C.T., Lo L.W. Tri-functionalization of mesoporous silica nanoparticles for comprehensive cancer theranostics—The trio of imaging, targeting and therapy. 104.Singh P., Kim Y.J., Singh H., Wang C., Hwang K.H., Farh M.E.A., Yang D.C. Biosynthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial applications of silver nanoparticles. 173.Croissant J.G., Zhang D., Alsaiari S., Lu J., Deng L., Tamanoi F., Almalik A.M., Zink J.I., Khashab N.M. Protein-gold clusters-capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles for high drug loading, autonomous gemcitabine/doxorubicin co-delivery, and in-vivo tumor imaging.
[19] New horizons for the therapeutic application of nanozymes in cancer ... — This review provides an overview of nanozymes, highlighting their unique properties, various classifications, catalytic activities, and diverse applications in cancer treatments. This review summarizes an overview of nanozymes, highlighting their unique properties, various classifications, catalytic activities, and diverse applications in cancer treatments. By carefully tailoring these physicochemical properties, researchers can optimize nanozymes for specific applications in cancer therapy and diagnostics, enhancing their efficacy and safety in clinical settings. Metal-based nanozymes, composed of metals such as gold, silver, platinum, and iron oxide, mimic natural enzymes and exhibit unique properties such as a high surface area, tunable catalytic activity, and stability. Huang L, Su Y, Hu X, Zhang Y, Xu G, Chen S, Wu J, Wang S, Zhang D, Zeng Z, et al.
[48] The Fundamentals of Surface Science - Allectra — A Brief History of Surface Science. Surface science emerged as an interlinked discipline of chemistry and physics in the early 1970s, following notable breakthroughs in the deposition of gaseous species onto metallic substrates. Nobel Prize-winning chemist Gerhard Ertl first described the adsorption of hydrogen on palladium in 1974.
[49] One century of evolution of surface science, a personal perspective — Modern surface science started more than 75 years ago, following the development of ultra-high vacuum (UHV) technology, with chambers housing the material under study connected to pumps that can lower the pressure to less than a billionth of one atmosphere .Under UHV the surfaces can stay clean for periods of time long enough to perform experiments without contamination from gas phase species.
[50] From Langmuir to Ertl: The "Nobel" History of the Surface Science ... — Heterogeneous catalysis is today one of the most important industrial processes in fabrication of chemicals. It is based on surface reactions, which calls for the adsorption of at least one of the reactants on the catalyst surface. Surface science has over the last 80 years largely contributed to the elucidation of the basic concepts, which govern heterogeneously catalyzed reactions. From the
[51] The birth and evolution of surface science: Child of the union ... - PNAS — Surface Science and the Journal of Vacuum Science and Tech-nology were founded in 1964. Reminiscences of this era have been published by Harry Gatos (19) and myself (20), the initial editors of the journal Surface Science from its founding in 1964 through 2001. AVS was the leading technical society of the day that recognized the emergence of
[52] Surface Science - How it all began, from an experimental perspective — In this Surface Science educational series in two parts, you will be introduced to how it all began and guided through key events and important aspects in the evolution from the early days to the mature area.. The series will cover topics such as the bridging of surface physics and surface chemistry, the paradigm shift from the study of static surface systems to the exploration of dynamic ones
[55] The birth and evolution of surface science: Child of the union ... - PNAS — Surface Science and the Journal of Vacuum Science and Tech-nology were founded in 1964. Reminiscences of this era have been published by Harry Gatos (19) and myself (20), the initial editors of the journal Surface Science from its founding in 1964 through 2001. AVS was the leading technical society of the day that recognized the emergence of
[56] One century of evolution of surface science, a personal perspective — In this review we will highlight a few developments in surface science in the last 40 years, as well as the discoveries they brought to the scientific and engineering communities. Modern surface science started more than 75 years ago, following the development of ultra-high vacuum (UHV) technology, with chambers housing the material under study connected to pumps that can lower the pressure to less than a billionth of one atmosphere . These and other developments gave rise to two scenarios in surface science studies of materials. Surface Science, Volume 751, 2025, Article 122623 Surface Science, Volume 751, 2025, Article 122620 Surface Science, Volume 751, 2025, Article 122630 Surface Science, Volume 754, 2025, Article 122678 Surface Science, Volume 754, 2025, Article 122683 Surface Science, Volume 752, 2025, Article 122650
[58] The Impact of Academic Journals on Research Papers — Quality control mechanisms within journals ensure the research published meets certain standards, thus preventing the dissemination of flawed or misleading information. The most recognized mechanism is the peer review process, where experts in the field evaluate and vet submissions before publication.
[60] Temporal Evolution of Surface Contamination under Ultra-high Vacuum — Ultra-high vacuum (UHV) is essential to many surface characterization techniques and is often applied with the intention of reducing exposure to airborne contaminants. Surface contamination under UHV is not well-understood, however, and introduces uncertainty in surface elemental characterization or hinders surface-sensitive manufacturing approaches. In this work, we investigated the time
[64] Gerhard L. Ertl - pas — Summary of scientific research Gerhard Ertl is known for determining the detailed molecular mechanisms of the catalytic synthesis of ammonia over iron (Haber Bosch process) and the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide over platinum (catalytic converter). ... Berkeley for "their outstanding contributions to the field of the surface science in
[66] Gas Surface Interaction and Surface Reactions | SpringerLink — Gas-surface interactions have many important applications in physics and chemistry. In particular, such interactions are crucial to heterogeneous catalysis. Almost all gas-solid reactions in heterogeneous catalysis start with the adsorption of the reactant molecules on a surface. The adsorption of the product species that form on a surface following a catalyzed reaction is dependent on
[93] Recent advancements in the surface modification and functionalization ... — Applied Surface Science Advances. Volume 21, June 2024, 100608. Recent advancements in the surface modification and functionalization of magnetic nanomaterials. Author links open overlay panel G ... This review also highlights recent advancements in MNMs with various functionalization methods for diverse applications such as adsorption of
[94] Recent advances of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in ... — Recent advances of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in optical biosensing - ScienceDirect Recent advances of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in optical biosensing Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as powerful tool in optical biosensing. Utilized in medicine, environmental monitoring, food quality and biological studies. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful biosensing technique that combines molecular fingerprint specificity with high sensitivity, detecting trace amounts using plasmonic-based metallic nanostructured sensor platforms. Combining SERS with other techniques enhances measurement conditions, miniaturization, and sensitivity. This review summarizes key analytical applications of SERS in biosensing, including medicine, clinical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, food quality assessment, and biological studies. Next article in issue Recommended articles No articles found. For all open access content, the relevant licensing terms apply.
[97] Historical Background and Key Developments in Surface Chemistry — In conclusion, the study of surface chemistry is not only integral to academic research but also critical to industrial applications and technological advancements. By continuing to explore the intricacies of surfaces and interfaces, scientists can unlock new possibilities for innovation and sustainability in a rapidly evolving world.
[100] Vacuum Like a Pro: Uncovering the Mysteries of Ultra High Vacuum — This level of vacuum is crucial in various fields such as material science, physics, and electronics, where even a single particle can contaminate or alter the properties of materials. Achieving UHV is essential to create a pristine environment for experiments, allowing scientists to study the behavior of materials and phenomena at the atomic
[102] Ultrahigh vacuum and electrocatalysis - ScienceDirect — We highlight the impact of Ultrahigh Vacuum (UHV)-born surface science on modern electrocatalysis. The microscopic, atomic level picture of surface adsorption and reaction, which was developed in the surface science community in decades of systematic research on single crystals in UHV, has meanwhile become state-of-the-art also in electrochemistry.
[106] SERS Biomedical Applications: Diagnostics, Forensics, and Metabolomics — This review summarizes the use of a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based platform for a number of biomedical analytic applications ranging from infectious disease diagnostics to forensic science. There is an urgent need to develop rapid, sensitive, simple, and reliable method for the identification of pathogens and to meet recognized unmet technological needs in the forensic
[107] Surface enhanced Raman scattering for the multiplexed detection of ... — 2. SERS multiplexing techniques for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms In the context of analytical science, multiplexing refers to the detection of several targets simultaneously in complex sample mixtures. Selective and sensitive multiplexed detection of biochemical targets, such as pathogenic microorganisms or associated biomarkers, is highly relevant in the fields of clinical
[113] Innovations in Polymer Coatings and Their Future Impact — The field of polymer coatings has undergone significant transformations over the years, thanks to ongoing advancements in materials science and technology. These innovations have paved the way for highly specialized coatings that cater to the evolving needs of industries such as automotive, aerospace, medical devices, and electronics.
[114] Recent advances and strategies for high-performance coatings — Among them, plasma- based depositions and spraying are important processes of high-performance coatings. Apart from the effect of chemical composition and structure, the micro- or nano-scaled structure also have a role, and in many cases, a key role in the properties of coatings, depending on plasma characteristics , , .The chemical composition and microstructure are strongly affected by high plasma ion flux generated by modulated pulsed power magnetron sputtering and HiPIMS. Fig. 1 shows a body-centered tetrahedron relation for the depositions of high-performance coatings, illustrating the importance of durability relative to techniques and process through controllable interaction between composition, structure and properties. This paper reviewed recent advances and strategies for high-performance coatings especially deposited through plasma-based depositions and spraying due to their extensive applications in research and industry fields. Structure, mechanical and tribological properties of thick CrNx coatings deposited by HiPIMS[J]
[115] Recent advances in nanotechnology-based functional coatings for the ... — Recent advances in nanotechnology-based functional coatings for the built environment - ScienceDirect Recent advances in nanotechnology-based functional coatings for the built environment open access In recent years, nanotechnologies have been extensively incorporated into the functional coatings as manipulation of materials at the nanoscale can impart some unique chemical, mechanical, thermal, surface and photophysical properties that can be exploited to enhance functions required in urban built environments. This review aims to provide a general introduction and research progress on these selected functional coating technologies, starting from the material's fabrication to its application when used in different building components. Next article in issue No articles found. For all open access content, the relevant licensing terms apply.
[116] Six Breakthrough Trends Reshaping the Coatings Industry — Podcast Videos/PCI TV PCI Store eBooks Sponsor Insights White Papers COATLE Word Game EVENTS Coatings Trends & Technologies Summit PCI Academy Webinars Calendar of Events Lifetime Achievement Award DIRECTORIES Buyer's Guide Equipment Directory Materials Directory EMAGAZINE Current Issue eMagazine Archive China Issue Archive Editorial Advisory Board CONTACT Contact Us Advertise Subscribe to eMagazine Subscribe to eNewsletters Paint and Coating Market ReportsArchitectural CoatingsIndustrial Coatings Six Breakthrough Trends Reshaping the Coatings Industry By Emily Newton, Editor-in-Chief, Revolutionized Magazine December 1, 2023 Several coatings industry trends are powering incredible innovations in manufacturing and materials science, from green coatings to self-cleaning coatings and more. Over the past few years, the industry has experienced significant change from numerous factors, such as increased concerns about sustainability and health. As a result, emerging trends are transforming the industry and reshaping it to tackle next-generation challenges. Leading Coatings Industry Trends These six core trends are reshaping the coatings industry as it adapts to modern challenges and opportunities.
[127] Surface Engineering Techniques: Boosting Material Properties for ... — Future trends point towards the increasing adoption of additive manufacturing. This technology allows for precise construction of surfaces, achieving complex geometries that traditional methods cannot. It promotes sustainability by reducing material waste and enables the fabrication of lightweight yet strong structures.
[128] Perspective on pathways towards responsible surface engineering — Abstract In this perspective sustainability-relevant aspects of modern surface engineering technologies, which enable improved structural and functional surface properties, are critically evaluated. Although plasma-assisted physical vapour deposition (PVD) is increasingly employed to address global challenges, such as energy efficiency and reduction of CO 2 emissions, their inherently resource
[129] PDF — (2023) 6(3), 71–73 Surface Engineering: Enhancing Material Performance through Advanced Surface Modifications By manipulating the surface characteristics, such as composition, structure, and topography, surface engineering techniques aim to improve durability, corrosion resistance, wears resistance, tribological properties, and other functional aspects of materials. Surface engineering techniques can improve a material’s wear resistance by applying coatings or modifying the surface to make it harder and more resistant to abrasion. Through advanced techniques such as physical and chemical vapour deposition, plasma treatments, laser surface modification, and surface coatings, engineers can optimize materials 73 Surface Engineering: Enhancing Material Performance through Advanced Surface Modifications Mini R eview
[130] Surface Engineering of Metals: Techniques, Characterizations and ... - MDPI — All Journals Journal of Composites Science (J. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) Surface Engineering of Metals: Techniques, Characterizations and Applications : This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent advancements in surface engineering of metals, encompassing techniques, characterization methods and applications. The applications of surface engineering in industries such as aerospace, automotive, electronics, and healthcare are presented, showcasing the use of surface engineering techniques to enhance components, provide wear resistance, and improve corrosion protection. Physical techniques involve the application of heat or energy to modify the surface, such as thermal spray coatings, physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and laser surface engineering. Surface Engineering of Metals: Techniques, Characterizations and Applications. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
[136] Introduction to Surface Chemistry: History, Scope, Challenges, Applications — Surface Chemistry has applications in various fields, including material science, nanotechnology, environmental science, and biomedical science. Importance of Surface Chemistry Surface Chemistry is important because it helps in understanding the behavior of matter at the interface, which is critical in many industrial processes.
[137] Impact of surface chemistry - PMC - PubMed Central (PMC) — Throughout modern industrialization, surface chemistry plays an indispensable role in various industrial technologies for chemical and energy conversion, information processing, heath care, and material and environmental protection. It took almost 50 y for surface chemistry to develop into a molecular-level science, which is now capable of in situ characterization of a variety of surface properties and providing fundamental understanding to aid in the design and engineering of large-scale chemical processes in technological applications (90, 91). The revolutionary development of surface science at the molecular level began in the 1960s when techniques for preparation of clean single crystal surfaces and characterization of surface structure and chemical compositions in ultrahigh vacuum, such as low energy electron diffraction (LEED), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), became available to the research community (5).
[138] Impact of surface chemistry - PNAS — Modern surface chemistry is about molecular-level understanding and the control of surface chemical reactions. Over the past decades, various surface science techniques have been developed and a vast amount of knowledge about surface chemistry has been accumulated (1-6).The fundamental knowledge that is accumulated provides a foundation for the development of many industrial technologies
[141] Electronic materials with nanoscale curved geometries — As the dimensions of a material shrink from an extended bulk solid to a nanoscale structure, size and quantum confinement effects become dominant, altering the properties of the material.
[143] Investigating the Physical Properties of Materials at the Nanoscale and ... — The nanoscale realm has catalyzed groundbreaking discoveries in material science, where the behavior of materials is markedly distinct from their macroscopic counterparts. This research delves into the complex physical properties exhibited by materials at the nanometer scale, driven by quantum confinement, surface-to-volume ratio effects, and unique surface chemistry.
[144] Surface Chemistry in Nanoscale Materials - PMC — Keywords: nanoporous materials, nanoporous Au, carbon aerogel, surface chemistry, surface stress, atomic layer deposition, catalysis, actuation, hydrogen storage Nanoporous Au is also a prime example of an interface controlled material: Its stability is controlled by surface chemistry, it is a tunable catalyst material for oxidation reactions, and it has remarkable mechanically properties that make it a good candidate to exploit surface stress induced macrocopic strain effects for actuator applications. 71.Biener J., Wittstock A., Zepeda-Ruiz L.A., Biener M.M., Zielasek V., Kramer D., Viswanath R.N., Weissmuller J., Bäumer M., Hamza A.V. Surface-chemistry-driven actuation in nanoporous gold. 81.Baumann T.F., Worsley M.A., Han T.Y.-J., Satcher J.H., Jr. High surface area carbon aerogel monoliths with hierarchical porosity.
[145] Surface and Quantum Effects in Nanosized Semiconductor — Novel properties of nano-scale semiconductors based on the surface and quantum effects have been studied and applications identified. Spherical potential well model is used to study quantum effect whereas basic geometrical models are used for the surface effect. We have shown such effects to be the fundamental factors responsible for the novel nanosized semiconductor characteristics different
[147] Catalytic behaviour of iron-based nanomaterials for the remediation of ... — A large surface area, variable surface features, and magnetic behavior are some of the characteristic properties that make them very useful for catalytic degradation of organic pollutants. One of the main advantages of the use of magnetic nanoparticles in dye degradation processes is their ease of separation and reuse.
[150] Interactions between microplastics and organic pollutants: Effects on ... — Microplastics (MPs), defined as particles with diameters <5 mm and including nanoplastics (NPs), with diameters <1 μm, are characterized by large specific surface areas and hydrophobicity. In aquatic and terrestrial environments, MPs interact with co-occurring organic pollutants through sorption and desorption, which alters the environmental behavior of the pollutants, such as their toxicity
[156] Advances in surface chemistry and the forefront of high-performance ... — At its core, surface chemistry involves the study of how materials absorb, react, or transform at their surfaces. Such reactions are vital for processes like catalysis in industrial applications, adhesion in paints and coatings, and even in the creation of new materials. Advancements in Surface Chemistry
[157] Advances in Catalysis for Industrial Chemical Processes — These advances continue to transform industrial catalysis, promoting more sustainable and efficient processes in global chemical production. Importance of catalysis in the chemical industry Catalysis is fundamental in the chemical industry, as it allows reactions to be carried out with greater selectivity and speed in a more efficient manner
[158] PDF — By providing a diverse array of active sites with varying chemical environments, catalysts can exhibit remarkable selectivity, enabling the synthesis of desired products while minimizing the formation of unwanted by-products.In essence, the dynamic nature of surface reconstructions underscores the complexity of catalytic processes and highlights the need for a detailed understanding of the interplay between surface structure, reaction kinetics, and selectivity. CATALYST-SUBSTRATE INTERACTIONS: Shaping Catalytic Activity Through Surface Chemistry The interplay between a catalyst and its substrate forms the cornerstone of catalytic processes, determining the overall efficiency and selectivity of chemical transformations. This exploration into catalyst-substrate interactions unveils the intricate world of active sites, coordination chemistry, and binding energies, where the surfaces of catalytic materials become the crucible of chemical reactivity.
[159] Innovations in catalytic understanding: A journey through advanced ... — This work provides a comprehensive overview of advanced characterisation techniques to unravel the molecular intricacies of catalytic processes. It begins with an introduction to catalytic processes and emphasises the importance of innovations in characterisation techniques, including SEM, XRD, UV-Vis, FTIR, RAMAN, XPS, NMR, TEM, AFM and the combined application of these techniques for improved catalytic investigation. Significant advances, including the application of computational techniques, in the study of catalysts are also discussed, focusing on state-of-the-art techniques that provide unprecedented detail on catalyst properties, mechanisms and processes. By integrating developments in microscopic and spectroscopic methods, the study provides a comprehensive insight into how these tools improve the precision and depth of catalyst characterisation, driving innovation and future directions in catalysis research. For all open access content, the Creative Commons licensing terms apply.
[160] Plasma catalysis for sustainable industry: lab-scale studies and ... — Non-thermal plasma (NTP) catalysis has emerged as a transformative technology for achieving sustainable chemical production, particularly within energy-intensive industries. With advantages like rapid response times, low thermal input, and the ability to operate at atmospheric pressures, NTP systems are well-suited for integration with renewable energy sources. However, translating lab-scale
[184] Introduction to Surface Physics (Oxford Science Publications) — This textbook offers a brief and succinct introduction to the study of solid surfaces. It covers techniques used to obtain information about the chemical composition, the crystallography, and the properties of the top few atomic layers of a solid, together with some of the theory of solid surfaces. Case studies are included and particular emphasis is placed on approaches used in the study of
[187] Design and characterization of materials on the atomic scale — What we need to know for optimizing these methods are atomic and molecular interactions of different materials, adatom-adatom interactions at the surface, defect interactions such as vacancy-vacancy interactions and step-step interactions, line-line interactions and layer-layer interactions and so on for different combination of materials.
[188] On Structure and Properties of Amorphous Materials - PMC — The atomic arrangements of real materials depart in many ways from the ideal, hence the theories of crystal defects and disorder . The discovery by René-Just Haüy that a macroscopic crystal is made up of minuscule sized crystals all of the same shape, is the basis of crystallography. On extrapolation of this concept to the atomic level
[189] Chapter 2 Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Materials — On the atomic scale of Fig.2-9(c),the surfaces of solids a r e formed by terraces, ledges, kinks, adsorbed atoms, impurity atoms and terrace vacancies (ref.17). Different models (ref.18) for the structure of grain boundaries have been developed in physical metallurgy. A grain boundary represents an internal surface in a polycrystalline material.
[193] Effect of Coatings on Mechanical, Corrosion and Tribological Properties ... — Effect of Coatings on Mechanical, Corrosion and Tribological Properties of Industrial Materials: A Comprehensive Review | Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion Effect of Coatings on Mechanical, Corrosion and Tribological Properties of Industrial Materials: A Comprehensive Review Chen J, Zhang Z, Li H (2020) An investigation of mechanical properties of coatings on industrial materials. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Chen J, Zhang Z, Li H (2020) An investigation of mechanical properties of coatings on industrial materials.
[195] Photothermal self-healing and anti-corrosion water-borne coatings based ... — It is thus highly desirable to develop coatings with both self-healing and excellent anti-corrosion performance to elongate the service life of the coating. In this study, a novel type of intelligent water-borne coating with photothermal self-healing and anti-corrosion properties was exploited.
[196] PDF — Physical chemistry of surfaces Nanostructures possess a large fraction of surface atoms per unit volume. The physical and chemical properties of surfaces have great importance when describing general properties of nanostructured materials. To illustrate this let us consider 1 cm3 of iron. The percentage of surface atoms will be approximately 10
[213] X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: Instrumentation, Advantage - Science Info — X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is a surface-sensitive analytical technique that involves bombarding a material's surface with X-rays and measuring the kinetic energy of the released electrons.The surface sensitivity and capacity to reveal chemical state information from the elements in the sample are two significant properties of this approach that make it powerful as an analytical tool.
[214] X-ray and photoelectron spectroscopy of surface ... - ScienceDirect — Operando X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of surface catalysis The field of operando probing during surface catalysis has undergone significant advancements over the past three decades, with the emergence of a range of techniques that can provide detailed structural and/or chemical insights into complex heterogeneous, electro- and photo
[219] Surface Science of Materials - MDPI — This Topic aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements and future directions in this crucial area, including but not limited to the following key areas: Surface characterization techniques: advanced microscopy (AFM, STM, TEM, etc.), spectroscopy (XPS, UPS, Auger, etc.), and other analytical methods for surface analysis.
[221] Surface Characterization Techniques: A Systematic Review of their ... — More recent developments with multi-scale characterization techniques that assess surface topography changes at the nanoscale have enabled the electrochemical determination of dissolution rates.
[222] Surface Engineering Techniques: Boosting Material Properties for ... — Surface Engineering: Enhancing Material Properties For Specific Applications In summary, surface engineering plays a pivotal role in enhancing material properties and optimizing performance. In materials science, it becomes evident that a mere alteration of these surface properties can lead to significant advancements in material enhancement. Understanding these diverse surface properties allows engineers and scientists to tailor materials for specific needs, revolutionizing various industries by enhancing performance where it matters most. Various techniques exist to modify surface properties, enhancing materials for specific applications. Material Enhancement through Surface Engineering In summary, various enhancement techniques in materials science illustrate how surface properties influence performance. The significance of surface engineering in enhancing material properties cannot be overstated.
[223] Surface Characterization Techniques: Understanding Material Interfaces — Understanding Surface Characterization ... (STM) contribute to the assessment of surface defects. These defects can impact charge carrier mobility. Knowledge gathered from surface analysis informs advancements in device fabrication and enhances efficiency. ... Understanding surface phenomena at this level can lead to the development of more
[225] Surface Science: Principles and Current Applications | SpringerLink — Modern technologies increasingly rely on low-dimensional physics at interfaces and in thin-films and nano-structures. Surface science holds a key position in providing the experimental methods and theoretical models for a basic understanding of these effects. This book includes case studies and status reports about research topics such as: surface structure determination by tensor-LEED and
[226] Impact of surface chemistry - PMC — Throughout modern industrialization, surface chemistry plays an indispensable role in various industrial technologies for chemical and energy conversion, information processing, heath care, and material and environmental protection. It took almost 50 y for surface chemistry to develop into a molecular-level science, which is now capable of in situ characterization of a variety of surface properties and providing fundamental understanding to aid in the design and engineering of large-scale chemical processes in technological applications (90, 91). The revolutionary development of surface science at the molecular level began in the 1960s when techniques for preparation of clean single crystal surfaces and characterization of surface structure and chemical compositions in ultrahigh vacuum, such as low energy electron diffraction (LEED), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), became available to the research community (5).
[227] The impact of surface science on technology - ScienceDirect — The inter-relationships between surface science and technology are complex. After reviewing the extent to which surface analytical instrumentation is now used in various technological fields this paper looks at the role of surface science, in the wider sense in three areas: metallurgy, heterogeneous catalysis and polymer technology.
[231] Nanomaterials and Their Surface Properties | Solubility of Things — Introduction to Nanomaterials Nanomaterials, defined as materials with at least one dimension on the nanometer scale (1-100 nm), have revolutionized many fields, including electronics, medicine, and environmental science. Their unique properties arise from their size and structure, which lead to enhanced reactivity, strength, and conductivity when compared to their bulk counterparts.
[232] 8 Unique Properties of Nanomaterials - Chemistry Notes — Properties of Nanomaterials. Some of the major properties of nanomaterials are: 1.Mechanical properties of nanomaterials: The unique mechanical properties of nanomaterials are due to the increased number of surface atoms and interfaces, which in turn leads to increased density of defects like grain boundaries, dislocations, triple junctions, etc. Nanomaterials exhibit the following mechanical
[233] Unique Properties of Surface-Functionalized Nanoparticles for Bio ... — This review investigates and discusses the iron oxide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, platinum nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, and silica-coated nanoparticles and how their unique properties after fabrication allow for their potential use in a wide range of bio-applications such as nano-based imaging, gene delivery, drug loading, and immunoassays. 53.Cheng S.H., Lee C.H., Chen M.C., Souris J.S., Tseng F.G., Yang C.S., Mou C.Y., Chen C.T., Lo L.W. Tri-functionalization of mesoporous silica nanoparticles for comprehensive cancer theranostics—The trio of imaging, targeting and therapy. 104.Singh P., Kim Y.J., Singh H., Wang C., Hwang K.H., Farh M.E.A., Yang D.C. Biosynthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial applications of silver nanoparticles. 173.Croissant J.G., Zhang D., Alsaiari S., Lu J., Deng L., Tamanoi F., Almalik A.M., Zink J.I., Khashab N.M. Protein-gold clusters-capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles for high drug loading, autonomous gemcitabine/doxorubicin co-delivery, and in-vivo tumor imaging.
[234] Novel behaviors/properties of nanometals induced by surface effects — Surface effect is believed as one of the most important origins from which the novel properties of nanomaterials derive. ... the size-dependent melting and wetting behaviors in thermodynamics and surface science, the atomic-scale welding and mass conveying in electrics, and the size- or composition-dependent phase segregations in kinetics and
[242] 8 - Surface modification of medical devices at nanoscale—recent ... — Surface modification with biomolecules to improve hemocompatibility of medical devices has been recognized as one of the early strategies in the development of antithrombosis surface. Heparin coatings of medical devices have been widely applied in clinical practice , , , .
[243] Bio-inspired hemocompatible surface modifications for biomedical ... — More recently, the promotion of endothelial cell growth on the surface of medical devices has been recognized as a final method of preventing thrombus formation, forming a barrier that prohibits the interaction between the device and the surrounding environment, and is particularly necessary for long-term indwelling devices . The remainder of
[255] Clinical translation of personalized bioengineered implant scaffolds ... — Personalized bioengineered implant scaffolds offer customizable medical solutions for tissue and organ regeneration. This Review provides a framework for navigating the regulatory process and
[256] The Impact of 3D Printing in the Medical Device Design Industry — The Impact of 3D Printing in the Medical Device Design Industry The use of 3D printing technology in the medical device design industry has revolutionized the way medical devices are developed and manufactured. This innovative technology allows for the creation of customized and patient-specific devices, leading to improved patient outcomes and greater efficiency in healthcare. In this article
[262] Challenges in surface analysis - Frontiers — The challenge here is to better explain the parameters chosen in peak fitting and the justifications for them. Publishing in the surface analysis section of Frontiers in analytical science. There is a great need for open access to papers in surface analysis, and it is the aim of this journal to meet these needs.
[265] Recent developments in surface science and engineering, thin films ... — New trends in surface science research. ... Further, the practicability and potential future directions of 2D materials and biomaterials are proposed. Thus, the current work provides information and discernments for developing novel 2D materials and biomaterials for wastewater desalination. Moreover, it aims to promote the contribution and
[266] Future Directions in Surface Chemistry Research — As surface chemistry continues to evolve, various challenges and opportunities lie ahead, influencing the future trajectory of research and applications in this vital field. Addressing these challenges requires cooperation across disciplines and innovative thinking to harness the full potential of surface chemistry in technological advancements
[269] The Interdisciplinary Nature of Scientific Research — In contemporary science, the significance of interdisciplinary research cannot be overstated. As the challenges facing society grow more complex—climate change, pandemics, and food security, to name a few—solutions increasingly require a cross-disciplinary approach. Here are key reasons why interdisciplinary research is indispensable today:
[271] Surface and interfacial sciences for future technologies — Physical science has undergone an evolutional transition in research focus from solid bulks to surfaces, culminating in numerous prominent achievements. ... Surface and interfacial sciences for future technologies Natl Sci Rev. 2024 ... 2 Department of Interdisciplinary Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing 100085,
[276] How to overcome the challenges in open science and open access. — Awareness of open science must begin with the institutions and universities that mark the starting point of a researcher's career. Economic challenges associated with open access Open access resources are available free of cost for the readers. This system is balanced by procuring the Article Processing Charge (APC) from authors.
[277] Sustainable Innovations: Process Intensification in Industrial and ... — Recent studies highlight the integration of cavitation and nanotechnology, demonstrating significant advancements in various industrial processes. For example, Pregnapuram et al. demonstrated that ultrasound-assisted dispersion of boron particles in hydrocarbon fuels improves fuel performance, while Ravikiran et al. showed enhanced lubrication
[279] Advancements in Green Chemistry: Sustainable Synthesis and Processes — A key tactic for improving sustainability in the chemical sector is green chemistry. Recent developments in green chemistry have concentrated on environmentally friendly synthesis and processes
[288] Surface and Interface Analysis - Analytical Science Journals — Multiple efforts are underway to address the high rate of problems associated with photoelectron peak fitting. These include guides to peak fitting, guides to peak identification and fitting for specific elements, and the development of a peak fitting social network.
[289] Surface and Interface Analysis - Analytical Science Journals — The Doniach-Sunjic peak shape is the only asymmetric, synthetic peak that has a theoretical basis. However, it has an infinite integral, which makes it problematic in quantitative work. The mathematical bases for the LX and DL peak shapes are discussed, and practical examples of their use in peak fitting are presented.
[290] PDF — To address this need, the RCS collection of papers includes identification of challenges and solutions associated with specific application areas such as semiconductor materials, nanoparticle characterization, and film deposition and guides, tutorials, and per-spectives related to surface spectroscopy, primarily XPS.
[291] Avoiding common errors in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data ... — Avoiding common errors in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data collection and analysis, and properly reporting instrument parameters - ScienceDirect Avoiding common errors in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data collection and analysis, and properly reporting instrument parameters van Spronsen h, Matthew R. Despite numerous tutorials and standards written to the technical community on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), difficulties with data acquisition, analysis, and reporting persist. Indeed, this work covers: (i) XPS data collection, initial data analysis, and data presentation, (ii) Handling XPS backgrounds, (iii) Common errors in XPS peak fitting, and (iv) XPS data presentation and reporting. Next article in issue Published by Elsevier B.V. Recommended articles No articles found. Article Metrics For all open access content, the Creative Commons licensing terms apply.